Trichinella spiralis in a cougar (Puma concolor) hunted by poachers in Chile / Trichinella spiralis em um puma (Puma concolor) caçado por caçadores furtivos no Chile

Abstract Trichinellosis is a zoonosis caused by nematodes of the Trichinella genus, of which 10 species have been described. Species identification when larvae is found is only possible using molecular tools. Meat from pigs and game animals not subjected to veterinary inspection are the main sources of human infections. The hunting of native carnivores is prohibited in Chile due to conservation issues and the fact that those animals favor pest control. The illegal hunting of a cougar (Puma concolor) occurred in September 2020. Herein, the molecular identification of Trichinella larvae, by analyzing nuclear (expansion segment V) and mitochondrial (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) sequences are described. Both the amplification of the expansion segment V region and the phylogenetic analysis of a segment of a fragment of the cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I sequence confirmed that the larvae belonged to T. spiralis. The case described herein represents the first evidence of illegal hunting of a protected mammal infected with Trichinella in Chile, highlighting the 'One Health' perspective to face this disease in the rural-sylvatic interphase.

Resumo A triquinelose é uma doença causada por nematoides do gênero Trichinella. Dez espécies foram descritas. A identificação das espécies a partir das larvas só foi possível com ferramentas moleculares. O abate doméstico de suínos e o consumo de animais de caça, sem inspeção veterinária, são as principais fontes de infecção humana. A caça de carnívoros nativos é proibida no Chile por questões de conservação e pelo fato de que esses animais favorecem o controle de pragas. A caça ilegal de um puma (Puma concolor) aconteceu em setembro de 2020. No Chile, a identificação molecular de larvas de Trichinella, obtida pelo exame de sequências nucleares (segmento de expansão V) e mitocondriais (citocromo C oxidase subunidade I) são descritas. Tanto a amplificação da região do segmento de expansão V quanto a análise filogenética de um segmento de um fragmento da sequência da subunidade I da Citocromo c-oxidase, confirmaram que as larvas pertenciam a T. spiralis. O caso aqui descrito representa a primeira evidência de caça ilegal de um mamífero protegido infectado com Trichinella no Chile, destacando a perspectiva de "Saúde Única" para enfrentar esta doença na interfase rural-silvestre.

Punica granatum and amygdalin extracts plus cobalamin combined with albendazole reduce larval burden and myositis in experimental trichinosis / Extratos de Punica granatum e amígdalina mais cobalamina combinado com albendazol reduzem a carga larvar e a miosite na triquinose experimental

Abstract Trichinellosis is a zoonosis results from eating raw or semi-cooked meat of infected animals. Medicinal plants have been used lately as alternatives and/or combined therapies to resolve some drawbacks of the current regimens. This work analyzed the effect of albendazole monotherapy on Trichinella spiralis experimental infection (group A), in comparison to P. granatum and amygdalin extracts +cobalamin (group B), plus its combination with albendazole (group C). The study revealed that the extracts alone or combined with albendazole had an inferior effect to albendazole monotherapy regarding number of adult worms (40.83 ±3.82, 18.67 ±1.86 and 16.83 ±2.32, respectively). However, their effect was more obvious in muscle phase combined with albendazole, achieving the lower number of larvae/mL tissue homogenate (22.33 ±3.27 in comparison to 39.67 ±2.58 achieved by albendazole monotherapy). The extracts exerted a significant immunomodulatory effect by reducing the local CD4+ expression in the intestine as well as in muscle phase (1.15 ±0.25 and 3.80 ±0.65 in comparison to 4.97 ±0.37 and 12.20 ±0.87 with albendazole monotherapy, respectively). So, these extracts improved the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole, specifically in muscle phase and counteracted the inflammatory reaction caused by albendazole monotherapy, thus extensively alleviating the resulting myositis.

Resumo Trichinellosis é uma zoonose resultante da ingestão de carne crua ou semicozida de animais infectados. As plantas medicinais têm sido usadas, ultimamente, como alternativas e/ou terapias combinadas, para resolver algumas desvantagens dos regimes atuais. Este trabalho analisou o efeito da monoterapia albendazole na infecção experimental por Trichinella spiralis (grupo A), em comparação com extratos de P. granatum e amígdalina +cobalamina (grupo B), além de sua combinação com albendazol (grupo C). O estudo revelou que os extratos sozinho ou combinado com albendazol teve efeito inferior à monoterapia albendazol em relação ao número de vermes adultos (40,83 ±3,82, 18,67 ±1,86 e 16,83 ±2,32, respectivamente). No entanto, seu efeito foi mais óbvio na fase muscular combinado com o albendazol, alcançando o menor número de larvas/mL homogeneizado de tecido (22,33 ±3,27 em comparação com 39,67 ±2,58 obtidos pela monoterapia albendazol). Os extratos exerceram um efeito imunomodulatório significativo, ao reduzir a expressão local CD4+ no intestino, bem como na fase muscular (1,15 ±0,25 e 3,80 ±0,65 em comparação com 4,97 ±0,37 e 12,20 ±0,87 com monoterapia albendazol, respectivamente). Assim, esses extratos melhoraram a eficácia terapêutica do albendazol, especificamente na fase muscular e neutralizaram a reação inflamatória causada pela monoterapia albendazol, aliviando extensivamente a miosite resultante.

Statistical approach to Trichinella infection in horses handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico

Abstract This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of Trichinella infection in horses (Equus ferus caballus) handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico. Serum samples were obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling in the Eastern, Southern Central and Western regions (100 samples of each). Additionally, muscle tissue samples were collected from the East (n = 45), Southeastern (n = 88), Southern Central (n = 39) and Southwestern (n = 11) regions. Antibodies were determined by Western blot and the muscle tissue was examined by artificial digestion. A global antibody prevalence of 2% was obtained. Regionally, a prevalence of 5% was observed in the East and 1% in the Southern Central region. No antibodies were detected in the West region and no larvae were found in the muscle tissue samples. These findings support the low presence of Trichinella in Mexican horses, which can positively impact the Mexican horse meat trade.

Resumen Se investigó la prevalencia de Trichinella en caballos (Equus ferus caballus) demataderos rurales en cinco regiones socioeconómicas de México. Los sueros se obtuvieron por Trichinella muestreo de conveniencia no probabilístico en las regiones Este, Centrosur y Oeste (100 muestras de cada una). Además se colectaron muestras de tejido muscular de animales de las regionesEste (n = 45), Centro Sur (n = 39), Sudeste (n = 88) y Sudoeste (n = 11). Los anticuerpos se determinaron por Western blot y el tejido muscular se examinó por digestión artificial. Se obtuvo una prevalencia global de anticuerpos del 2%. A nivel regional se observó una prevalencia del 5% enel Este y del 1% en el Centrosur. No se detectaron anticuerpos en el Oeste y no se encontraron larvas en el tejido muscular. Los datos respaldan la baja presencia de Trichinella en caballos mexicanos, lo que puede impactar positivamente en su comercio.

effect of changes in the gastric PH value on experimental Trichinosis

The effect of increasing or decreasing the gastric PH of mice on the course of experimental infection with Trichinella spiralis was studied, by administration of 1% NaHCO[3] in PBS [PH 9.0] or 1% HC1 in PBS [PH 5.0] to mice half an hour prior to infection respectively. The results revealed that raising the gastric PH led to a significant increase in the adult worm count with an increase in their fecundity both in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, the more acidic gastric PH induced prior to infection led to its amelioration. This was obvious by the significant reduction in the adult worm count and their inability to give birth to newborn larvae. Several factors may be incriminated, among which are decreased larval infectivity and affection of the maturation of the reproductive organs, mainly the uterus and the testis. Changes in their morphology were observed by both light and transmission electron microscopic studies, which could account for the impairment in their functions, namely embryogenesis and spermatogenesis

Study on rodents infestation in Alexandria and prevalence of trichinella spiralis infection among them

Rodents were monthly collected from six districts of Alexandria during the whole year using live traps. The 1025 collected rodents were divided according to species, gender, age and weight. El-Amryia and El- Montaza were the most infested districts, while West, East, Middle and El-Gomrok districts were the lowest infested ones. Rattus norvegicus was the highest abundant species in the city [41.9%], followed by R. rattus [37.2%] then Mus musculus [20.9%]. There was no difference in abundance of rodents during summer compared with winter. Meanwhile, males represented 57.6% of the total collected rodents. Most of the collected rodents were <2 months old [63.8%] or light weighed [61.6%], however, number of caught rodents decreased as age or weight increased. Concerning El-Amryia and EL-Montaza districts where abattoirs are located, number of collected rodents from and around the abattoirs represented 70.4% of the total collected rodents were compared with 29.6% collected from and around the houses of the same districts. The total prevalence of T. Spiralis infection among collected rodents using digestion technique was 13.3%. El-Amryia, El- Montaza, West and El-Gomork Districts were the only infected districts

reciprocal heterologous protection between trichinella spiralis and toxoplasma gondil concurrently present in experimental murine models

In this study, a different view of polyparasitism was demonstrated. The influence of the immunological environments created by two biologically different parasites on the pathogenesis of each other was evaluated. Swiss albino mice were sequentially infected with the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii [acute and latent] which elicits a T-Helper 1 [Th1]- polarized immune response and the helminth parasite Trichinella spiralis whose infection is predominated by a Th2 response. The results showed a significant heterologous protection from one parasite towards the other. There was a highly significant lower Trichinella muscle larvae burden in mixed infection group compared to single Trichinella infection in spite of delayed intestinal adult worm expulsion in the mixed infection group. A highly significant lower burden of T. gondii brain cysts in mixed infection compared to single latent Toxoplasma infection was also demonstrated. Concerning the anti-Toxoplasma antibody response, there was a significant lower level in the latent Toxo-Trich. group compared to the group of latent toxoplasmosis only

Triquinosis porcina en el departamento de Cochabamba / Pig trichinosis in te Department of Cochabamba

La investigacion se realizo para determinar la presencia de la triquinosis porcina en los mataderos municipales d e Cochabamba. Los mataderos donde se realizo el muestreo fueron Cliza y Quillacollo, para ello se tomaron al azar 540 muestras de suero sanguineo para ser procesadas, utilizandose la prueba de ELISA en el Laboratorio de Investigacion y Diagnostico Veterinario (LIDIVET) de Santa Cruz. Se tomo en cuenta el lugar de procedencia; la raza y el sexo de los animales. Los resultados obtenidos fueron estadisticamente analizados aplicandose el Chi cuadrado y analisis de varianza. Del total de muestras analizadas, 90 resultaron positivas 16,67 por ciento, 47 (8,70 por ciento) resultaron sospechosos y 403 (74,63 por ciento) resultaron negativos. Por procedencia de matadero, se observo lo siguiente: Cliza obtuvo 22,62 por ciento, Quillacollo 14,28 por ciento y Sacaba 22,73 por ciento de positivos, pero no dieron diferencia significativa en el analisis estadistico (P>0,05). Por zona, en Punata y Quillacollo y Sacaba, se encontro la mayor positividad con 22,73 por ciento seguidos Ucureña, Villa Carmen y Vinto 21,05 por ciento, CAICO, Cercado y El Paso con 18,75 por ciento; le siguen Antofagasta, Ana Rancho y Bulo Bulo 16,67

Actualidades sobre la triquinelosis equina / Current facts about horse trichinellosis

La triquinelosis es una zoonosis causada por parásitos del género Trichinella que es trasmitida principalmente por la ingestión de carne de animales como el cerdo, oso y zorro entre otros. Sin embargo, en Europa se han reportado varios brotes debido al comsumo de carne de caballo. La presencia del parásito no ha sido demostrada de manera directa en la carne de estos animales, sin embargo, la identificación de las especies de Trichinella (T. spiralis T. britovi y T. nativa) involucradas en estos brotes ha sido posible a partir de biopsias tomadas de individuos que consumieron carne de caballo. Recientemente, se identificaron por primera vez larvas de T. spiralis en caballos sacrificados en un rastro del Estado de México, presentando así evidencia directa de la infección de estos animales con el parásito. Por otro lado empleando extractos totales o antígenos TSL-1 de T. spiralis se han detectado anticuerpos en contra de Trichinella en caballos sacrificados en rastros de diferentes paises de Europa así como en México. Asimismo, la infección con varias especies de Trichinella se ha logrado reproducir experimentalmente en caballos y los resultados obtenidos son importantes en el desarrollo de métodos de diagnóstico que permitan estimas la prevalencia de esta infección en caballos cuya carne se destina para el consumo tanto animal como humano y eventualmente instrumentar medias para el control de la trasmisión de la triquinelosis por carne de caballos